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	'''Freedom of speech''' is the right to express opinions, information, ideas, beliefs, and criticism without unjustified interference by the State. In international human-rights law it is usually discussed as part of the wider right to freedom of expression, which includes receiving and imparting information as well as speaking.

Freedom of speech is a fundamental human right that encompasses the liberty to express one's opinions, thoughts, and ideas without fear of censorship, retaliation, or government interference. This wiki page provides an overview of freedom of speech, its historical significance, legal protections, and notable court cases that have shaped its interpretation.
	The right is central to public debate, journalism, protest, art, academic work, political campaigning, religious discussion, and ordinary criticism of authority. It is also one of the rights most often tested by hard cases, because expression can conflict with privacy, reputation, public order, national security, court fairness, and protection from harassment or incitement.

== Definition and Scope ==
Freedom of speech is a principle that upholds an individual's right to express their ideas, opinions, beliefs, and artistic creations freely. It encompasses various forms of expression, including spoken and written words, artistic works, symbolic gestures, and non-verbal communication. This right extends to both public and private domains, subject to certain limitations to protect public safety, national security, or the rights and reputations of others.
	== Scope ==
	Freedom of speech covers more than spoken words. It can include writing, publishing, broadcasting, art, protest signs, online posts, symbolic expression, satire, academic work, and political campaigning.

== Historical Significance ==
The recognition and protection of freedom of speech have roots in historical struggles for individual liberties and democratic governance. Some key milestones in the historical development of freedom of speech include:
	The right protects unpopular expression as well as popular expression. A system that protects only polite or majority-approved speech does not offer much protection when speech becomes politically important.

# Magna Carta (1215): The Magna Carta, an English legal charter, included provisions that safeguarded free speech by limiting the arbitrary exercise of royal power.
# Enlightenment Era (17th-18th centuries): Thinkers and philosophers such as John Locke and Voltaire argued for the importance of free expression as a cornerstone of a just and enlightened society.
# American Revolution (1775-1783): The American colonies' fight for independence highlighted the significance of freedom of speech and expression in democratic governance, leading to its inclusion in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution.
# Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognized freedom of expression as a fundamental human right and set the stage for its international protection.
	== International Protection ==
	Article 19 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)]] protects freedom of opinion and expression. Article 19 of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]] protects the right to hold opinions without interference and the right to freedom of expression.

== Legal Protections ==
Freedom of speech is protected by various legal frameworks at both national and international levels. These frameworks provide legal guarantees and limitations to ensure the exercise of free speech while balancing other societal interests. Some notable legal protections include:
	The Human Rights Committee describes freedom of opinion and expression as essential conditions for personal development and for any society. Its General Comment No. 34 is a major source on how Article 19 should be interpreted.

# International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR): Article 19 of the ICCPR, a United Nations treaty, affirms the right to freedom of expression, subject to restrictions necessary for respecting the rights or reputations of others, national security, public order, or public health and morals.
# Constitutional Protections: Many countries have enshrined freedom of speech in their constitutions or bills of rights. These provisions often serve as the highest legal authority in protecting the right to free speech within the respective jurisdictions.
# Legislation and Judicial Precedents: National laws and court decisions further define and interpret the boundaries of free speech, striking a balance between protecting individual liberties and safeguarding other societal interests.
	== Limits ==
	Freedom of speech is usually not absolute. International and domestic systems commonly allow restrictions where they are set by law, pursue a legitimate aim, and are necessary and proportionate.

== Notable Court Cases ==
Several landmark court cases have shaped the understanding and interpretation of freedom of speech. These cases have established legal precedents and contributed to the development of free speech jurisprudence. Some notable court cases include:
	Common examples include:

# New York Times Co. v. United States (1971): This case, commonly known as the "Pentagon Papers case," established the high threshold for government censorship of the press and reinforced protections for freedom of the press and the public's right to know.
# Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969): The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that public school students retain their constitutional rights to freedom of speech while on school premises, as long as their expression does not substantially disrupt the learning environment.
# Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969): This case set a precedent for the protection of political speech, establishing that speech advocating for the use of force or violence is protected under the First Amendment unless it incites "imminent lawless action."
# Schenck v. United States (1919): The Supreme Court established the "clear and present danger" test, which limited freedom of speech in cases where the speech poses a clear and present danger to national security or public safety.
	* Defamation and protection of reputation.
	* Court reporting restrictions and contempt rules.
	* Incitement to violence.
	* Threats, harassment, and targeted abuse.
	* National security restrictions.
	* Privacy and confidential information.
	* Broadcasting and election rules.
	* Protection of children.

These cases illustrate the evolving interpretations and limitations of freedom of speech within legal systems.
	The existence of limits does not mean the State can restrict speech whenever it dislikes it. The test is normally whether the restriction is lawful, necessary, and proportionate.

== Contemporary Challenges ==
In the digital age, freedom of speech faces new challenges and complexities. Issues such as online hate speech, misinformation, censorship by private platforms, and the balance between freedom of speech and protection from harm have sparked debates on the scope and limitations of this fundamental right.
	== Political Speech ==
	Political speech receives strong protection in many legal systems because democratic accountability depends on the ability to criticise governments, public officials, laws, and institutions.

	Strong protection for political speech does not mean every method of expression is lawful. Threats, intimidation, unlawful harassment, and serious disorder may still be regulated.

	== Private Platforms ==
	Modern speech often takes place through private platforms, employers, payment processors, hosting providers, and app stores. That creates a practical distinction between State censorship and private moderation.

	A person may have a human-rights claim where public authorities restrict expression. A dispute with a private platform may instead involve contract terms, consumer law, employment law, data law, competition law, or platform regulation. The details depend on the country and facts.

== See Also ==	== See Also ==
	* [[Freedom of Speech in the United Kingdom]]
	* [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]]
	* [[Civil Liberties]]
	* [[Defamation Act 2013]]

* [[Censorship]]
* [[Hate Speech]]
* [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]]
	== References ==
	* [https://www.ohchr.org/en/universal-declaration-of-human-rights OHCHR: Universal Declaration of Human Rights]
	* [https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights OHCHR: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]
	* [https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-comment-no34-article-19-freedoms-opinion-and OHCHR: General Comment No. 34 on Article 19]
	* [https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_eng European Court of Human Rights: European Convention on Human Rights]

	[[Category:Human Rights]]
	[[Category:Civil Liberties]]